syslog-ng Open Source Edition 3.25 - Administration Guide

Preface Introduction to syslog-ng The concepts of syslog-ng Installing syslog-ng The syslog-ng OSE quick-start guide The syslog-ng OSE configuration file source: Read, receive, and collect log messages
How sources work default-network-drivers: Receive and parse common syslog messages internal: Collecting internal messages file: Collecting messages from text files wildcard-file: Collecting messages from multiple text files linux-audit: Collecting messages from Linux audit logs network: Collecting messages using the RFC3164 protocol (network() driver) nodejs: Receiving JSON messages from nodejs applications mbox: Converting local email messages to log messages osquery: Collect and parse osquery result logs pipe: Collecting messages from named pipes pacct: Collecting process accounting logs on Linux program: Receiving messages from external applications python: writing server-style Python sources python-fetcher: writing fetcher-style Python sources snmptrap: Read Net-SNMP traps sun-streams: Collecting messages on Sun Solaris syslog: Collecting messages using the IETF syslog protocol (syslog() driver) system: Collecting the system-specific log messages of a platform systemd-journal: Collecting messages from the systemd-journal system log storage systemd-syslog: Collecting systemd messages using a socket tcp, tcp6, udp, udp6: Collecting messages from remote hosts using the BSD syslog protocol— OBSOLETE unix-stream, unix-dgram: Collecting messages from UNIX domain sockets stdin: Collecting messages from the standard input stream
destination: Forward, send, and store log messages
amqp: Publishing messages using AMQP collectd: sending metrics to collectd elasticsearch2: Sending messages directly to Elasticsearch version 2.0 or higher (DEPRECATED) elasticsearch-http: Sending messages to Elasticsearch HTTP Bulk API file: Storing messages in plain-text files graphite: Sending metrics to Graphite Sending logs to Graylog hdfs: Storing messages on the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) Posting messages over HTTP http: Posting messages over HTTP without Java kafka: Publishing messages to Apache Kafka (Java implementation) kafka: Publishing messages to Apache Kafka (C implementation, using the librdkafka client) loggly: Using Loggly logmatic: Using Logmatic.io mongodb: Storing messages in a MongoDB database network: Sending messages to a remote log server using the RFC3164 protocol (network() driver) osquery: Sending log messages to osquery's syslog table pipe: Sending messages to named pipes program: Sending messages to external applications pseudofile() python: writing custom Python destinations redis: Storing name-value pairs in Redis riemann: Monitoring your data with Riemann slack: Sending alerts and notifications to a Slack channel smtp: Generating SMTP messages (email) from logs snmp: Sending SNMP traps Splunk: Sending log messages to Splunk sql: Storing messages in an SQL database stomp: Publishing messages using STOMP syslog: Sending messages to a remote logserver using the IETF-syslog protocol syslog-ng(): Forward logs to another syslog-ng node tcp, tcp6, udp, udp6: Sending messages to a remote log server using the legacy BSD-syslog protocol (tcp(), udp() drivers) Telegram: Sending messages to Telegram unix-stream, unix-dgram: Sending messages to UNIX domain sockets usertty: Sending messages to a user terminal: usertty() destination Write your own custom destination in Java or Python Client-side failover
log: Filter and route log messages using log paths, flags, and filters Global options of syslog-ng OSE TLS-encrypted message transfer template and rewrite: Format, modify, and manipulate log messages parser: Parse and segment structured messages db-parser: Process message content with a pattern database (patterndb) Correlating log messages Enriching log messages with external data Statistics of syslog-ng Multithreading and scaling in syslog-ng OSE Troubleshooting syslog-ng Best practices and examples The syslog-ng manual pages Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License Glossary

Log path flags

Flags influence the behavior of syslog-ng, and the way it processes messages. The following flags may be used in the log paths, as described in Log paths.

Table 12: Log statement flags
Flag Description
catchall This flag means that the source of the message is ignored, only the filters of the log path are taken into account when matching messages. A log statement using the catchall flag processes every message that arrives to any of the defined sources.
drop-unmatched This flag means that the message is dropped along a log path when it does not match a filter or is discarded by a parser. Without using the drop-unmatched flag, syslog-ng OSE would continue to process the message along alternative paths.
fallback

This flag makes a log statement 'fallback'. Fallback log statements process messages that were not processed by other, 'non-fallback' log statements.

Processed means that every filter of a log path matched the message. Note that in the case of embedded log paths, the message is considered to be processed if it matches the filters of the outer log path, even if it does not match the filters of the embedded log path. For details, see Example: Using log path flags.

final

This flag means that the processing of log messages processed by the log statement ends here, other log statements appearing later in the configuration file will not process the messages processed by the log statement labeled as 'final'. Note that this does not necessarily mean that matching messages will be stored only once, as there can be matching log statements processed before the current one (syslog-ng OSE evaluates log statements in the order they appear in the configuration file).

Processed means that every filter of a log path matched the message. Note that in the case of embedded log paths, the message is considered to be processed if it matches the filters of the outer log path, even if it does not match the filters of the embedded log path. For details, see Example: Using log path flags.

flow-control Enables flow-control to the log path, meaning that syslog-ng will stop reading messages from the sources of this log statement if the destinations are not able to process the messages at the required speed. If disabled, syslog-ng will drop messages if the destination queues are full. If enabled, syslog-ng will only drop messages if the destination queues/window sizes are improperly sized. For details, see Managing incoming and outgoing messages with flow-control.

Caution:

The final, fallback, and catchall flags apply only for the top-level log paths, they have no effect on embedded log paths.

Example: Using log path flags

Let's suppose that you have two hosts (myhost_A and myhost_B) that run two applications each (application_A and application_B), and you collect the log messages to a central syslog-ng server. On the server, you create two log paths:

  • one that processes only the messages sent by myhost_A, and

  • one that processes only the messages sent by application_A.

This means that messages sent by application_A running on myhost_A will be processed by both log paths, and the messages of application_B running on myhost_B will not be processed at all.

  • If you add the final flag to the first log path, then only this log path will process the messages of myhost_A, so the second log path will receive only the messages of application_A running on myhost_B.

  • If you create a third log path that includes the fallback flag, it will process the messages not processed by the first two log paths, in this case, the messages of application_B running on myhost_B.

  • Adding a fourth log path with the catchall flag would process every message received by the syslog-ng server.

    log { source(s_localhost); destination(d_file); flags(catchall); };

The following example shows a scenario that can result in message loss. Do NOT use such a configuration, unless you know exactly what you are doing. The problem is if a message matches the filters in the first part of the first log path, syslog-ng OSE treats the message as 'processed'. Since the first log path includes the final flag, syslog-ng OSE will not pass the message to the second log path (the one with the fallback flag). As a result, syslog-ng OSE drops messages that do not match the filter of the embedded log path.

# Do not use such a configuration, unless you know exactly what you are doing.
log {
    source(s_network);
    # Filters in the external log path.
    # If a message matches this filter, it is treated as 'processed'
    filter(f_program);
    filter(f_message);
    log {
        # Filter in the embedded log path.
        # If a message does not match this filter, it is lost, it will not be processed by the 'fallback' log path
        filter(f_host);
        destination(d_file1);
    };
    flags(final);
};

log {
    source(s_network);
    destination(d_file2);
    flags(fallback);
};
Example: Using the drop-unmatched flag

In the following example, if a log message arrives whose $MSG part does not contain the string foo, then syslog-ng OSE will discard the message and will not check compliance with the second if condition.

...
if {
    filter { message('foo') };
    flags(drop-unmatched)
};
if {
    filter { message('bar') };
};
...

(Without the drop-unmatched flag, syslog-ng OSE would check if the message complies with the second if condition, that is, whether or not the message contains the string bar .)


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Managing incoming and outgoing messages with flow-control

This section describes the internal message-processing model of syslog-ng, as well as the flow-control feature that can prevent message losses.

The syslog-ng application monitors (polls) the sources defined in its configuration file, periodically checking each source for messages. When a log message is found in one of the sources, syslog-ng polls every source and reads the available messages. These messages are processed and put into the output buffer of syslog-ng (also called fifo). From the output buffer, the operating system sends the messages to the appropriate destinations.

In large-traffic environments many messages can arrive during a single poll loop, therefore syslog-ng reads only a fixed number of messages from each source. The log-fetch-limit() option specifies the number of messages read during a poll loop from a single source.

Figure 14: Managing log messages in syslog-ng

TCP and unix-stream sources can receive the logs from several incoming connections (for example, many different clients or applications). For such sources, syslog-ng reads messages from every connection, thus the log-fetch-limit() parameter applies individually to every connection of the source.

Figure 15: Managing log messages of TCP sources in syslog-ng

Log paths without flow-control

Every destination has its own output buffer. The output buffer is needed because the destination might not be able to accept all messages immediately. The log-fifo-size() parameter sets the size of the output buffer. The output buffer must be larger than the log-fetch-limit() of the sources, to ensure that every message read during the poll loop fits into the output buffer. If the log path sends messages to a destination from multiple sources, the output buffer must be large enough to store the incoming messages of every source.

Log paths with flow-control

The syslog-ng application uses flow-control in the following cases:

  • Hard flow-control: the flow-control flag is enabled for the particular log path.

  • Soft flow-control: the log path includes a file destination.

NOTE:

The way flow-control works has changed significantly in version syslog-ng OSE3.22. If you are using an older version of syslog-ng OSE, consult the documentation of the version you are using for details about flow-control.

The flow-control of syslog-ng introduces a control window to the source that tracks how many messages can syslog-ng accept from the source. Every message that syslog-ng reads from the source lowers the window size by one, every message that syslog-ng successfully sends from the output buffer increases the window size by one. If the window is full (that is, its size decreases to zero), syslog-ng stops reading messages from the source. The initial size of the control window is by default 100. If a source accepts messages from multiple connections, all messages use the same control window.

When using flow-control, syslog-ng automatically sets the size of the output buffer so that it matches the size of the control window of the sources. Note that starting with syslog-ng OSE3.22, log-fifo-size() only affects log paths that are not flow-controlled.

NOTE:

If the source can handle multiple connections (for example, network() and syslog()), the size of the control window is divided by the value of the max-connections() parameter and this smaller control window is applied to each connection of the source.

Dynamic flow-control

In addition to the static control window set using the log-iw-size() option, you can also allocate a dynamic window to the source. The syslog-ng application uses this window to dynamically increase the static window of the active connections. The dynamic window is distributed evenly among the active connections of the source. The syslog-ng application periodically checks which connections of the source are active, and redistributes the dynamic window. If only one of the connections is active, it receives the entire dynamic window, while other connections receive only their share of the static window.

Using dynamic flow-control on your syslog-ng server is useful when the source has lots of connections, but only a small subset of the active clients send messages at high rate, and the memory of the syslog-ng server is limited. In other cases, it is currently not recommended, because it can result in higher memory usage and fluctuating performance compared to using only the static window.

When flow-control is used, every source has its own control window. As a worst-case situation, memory of the host must be greater than the total size of the messages of every control window, plus the size of the dynamic window, that is, the log-iw-size()+dynamic-window-size(). This applies to every source that sends logs to the particular destination. Thus if two sources having several connections and heavy traffic send logs to the same destination, the control window of both sources must fit into the memory of the host. Otherwise, some messages might not fit in the memory, and messages may be lost.

If dynamic flow-control is disabled (which is the default behavior), the value of the log-iw-size() option cannot be lower than 100. If dynamic flow-control is enabled, you can decrease the value of the log-iw-size() option (to the minimum of 1).

In case of soft flow-control there is no message lost if the destination can accept messages. It is possible to lose messages if it cannot accept messages (for example, the file destination is not writable, or the disk becomes full), and all buffers are full. Soft flow-control cannot be configured, it is automatically available for file destinations.

Hard flow-control: In case of hard flow-control there is no message lost. To use hard flow-control, enable the flow-control flag in the log path. Hard flow-control is available for all destinations.

Example: Soft flow-control
source s_file {
    file("/tmp/input_file.log");
};
destination d_file {
    file("/tmp/output_file.log");
};
destination d_tcp {
    network("127.0.0.1"
        port(2222)
    );
};
log {
    source(s_file);
    destination(d_file);
    destination(d_tcp);
};

Caution:

Hazard of data loss! For destinations other than file, soft flow-control is not available. Thus, it is possible to lose log messages on those destinations. To avoid data loss on those destinations, use hard flow-control.

Example: Hard flow-control
source s_file {
    file("/tmp/input_file.log");
};
destination d_file {
    file("/tmp/output_file.log");
};
destination d_tcp {
    network("127.0.0.1"
        port(2222)
    );
};
log {
    source(s_file);
    destination(d_file);
    destination(d_tcp);
    flags(flow-control);
};
Handling outgoing messages

The syslog-ng application handles outgoing messages the following way:

Figure 16: Handling outgoing messages in syslog-ng OSE

  • Output queue: Messages from the output queue are sent to the target syslog-ng server. The syslog-ng application puts the outgoing messages directly into the output queue, unless the output queue is full. The output queue can hold 64 messages, this is a fixed value and cannot be modified.

  • Disk buffer: If the output queue is full and disk-buffering is enabled, syslog-ng puts the outgoing messages into the disk buffer of the destination.

  • Overflow queue: If the output queue is full and the disk buffer is disabled or full, syslog-ng puts the outgoing messages into the overflow queue of the destination. (The overflow queue is identical to the output buffer used by other destinations.) The log-fifo-size() parameter specifies the number of messages stored in the overflow queue, unless flow-control is enabled. When dynamic flow-control is enabled, syslog-ng sets the size of the overflow queue automatically. For details on sizing the log-fifo-size() parameter, see Configuring flow-control.


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Flow-control and multiple destinations

Using flow-control on a source has an important side-effect if the messages of the source are sent to multiple destinations. If flow-control is in use and one of the destinations cannot accept the messages, the other destinations do not receive any messages either, because syslog-ng stops reading the source. For example, if messages from a source are sent to a remote server and also stored locally in a file, and the network connection to the server becomes unavailable, neither the remote server nor the local file will receive any messages.

NOTE:

Creating separate log paths for the destinations that use the same flow-controlled source does not avoid the problem.

If you use flow-control and reliable disk-based buffering together with multiple destinations, the flow-control starts slowing down the source only when:

  • one destination is down, and

  • the number of messages stored in the disk buffer of the destination reaches (disk-buf-size() minus mem-buf-size()).


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Configuring flow-control

For details on how flow-control works, see Managing incoming and outgoing messages with flow-control. The summary of the main points is as follows:

  • The syslog-ng application normally reads a maximum of log-fetch-limit() number of messages from a source.

  • From TCP and unix-stream sources, syslog-ng reads a maximum of log-fetch-limit() from every connection of the source. The number of connections to the source is set using the max-connections() parameter.

  • Every destination has an output buffer. The size of this buffer is set automatically for log paths that use flow-control, and can be set using the log-fifo-size() option for other log paths.

  • Flow-control uses a control window to determine if there is free space in the output buffer for new messages. Every source has its own control window, the log-iw-size() option sets the size of the static control window. Optionally, you can enable a dynamic control window for the source using the dynamic-window-size() option.

  • When a source accepts multiple connections, the size of the control window is divided by the value of the max-connections() parameter and this smaller control window is applied to each connection of the source.

    The dynamic control window is automatically distributed among the active connections of the source.

  • If the control window is full, syslog-ng stops reading messages from the source until some messages are successfully sent to the destination.

  • If the output buffer becomes full, and neither disk-buffering nor flow-control is used, messages may be lost.

Caution:

If you modify the max-connections() or the log-fetch-limit() parameter, do not forget to adjust the log-iw-size() and dynamic-window-size() parameters accordingly.

Example: Sizing parameters for flow-control

Suppose that syslog-ng has a source that must accept up to 300 parallel connections. Such situation can arise when a network source receives connections from many clients, or if many applications log to the same socket.

Set the max-connections() parameter of the source to 300. However, the log-fetch-limit() (default value: 10) parameter applies to every connection of the source individually, while the log-iw-size() (default value: 1000) parameter applies to the source. In a worst-case scenario, the destination does not accept any messages, while all 300 connections send at least log-fetch-limit() number of messages to the source during every poll loop. Therefore, the control window must accommodate at least max-connections()*log-fetch-limit() messages to be able to read every incoming message of a poll loop. In the current example this means that log-iw-size() should be greater than 300*10=3000. If the control window is smaller than this value, the control window might fill up with messages from the first connections — causing syslog-ng to read only one message of the last connections in every poll loop.

The output buffer of the destination must accommodate at least log-iw-size() messages, but use a greater value: in the current example 3000*10=30000 messages. That way all incoming messages of ten poll loops fit in the output buffer. If the output buffer is full, syslog-ng does not read any messages from the source until some messages are successfully sent to the destination.

source s_localhost {
    network(
        ip(127.0.0.1)
        port(1999)
        max-connections(300)
    );
};
destination d_tcp {
    network("10.1.2.3"
        port(1999)
        localport(999)
        log-fifo-size(30000)
    );
};
log {
    source(s_localhost);
    destination(d_tcp);
    flags(flow-control);
};

If other sources send messages to this destination, then the output buffer must be further increased. For example, if a network host with maximum 100 connections also logs into the destination, then increase the log-fifo-size() by 10000.

source s_localhost {
    network(
        ip(127.0.0.1)
        port(1999)
        max-connections(300)
    );
};
source s_tcp {
    network(
        ip(192.168.1.5)
        port(1999)
        max-connections(100)
    );
};
destination d_tcp {
    network("10.1.2.3"
        port(1999)
        localport(999)
        log-fifo-size(40000)
    );
};
log {
    source(s_localhost);
    destination(d_tcp);
    flags(flow-control);
};

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